What Is an Adjunct Professor?
An adjunct professor is a part-time instructor who is hired to teach one or more courses, usually on a contract for a single term. Adjuncts are common at US colleges and universities, where they teach a large share of courses, especially at community colleges and in introductory classes. The titles lecturer, part-time instructor and contingent faculty are related.
Who adjuncts are
Some are working professionals, such as lawyers, nurses, engineers and artists, who teach a course in their field alongside a main job. Others are academics who piece together teaching at several institutions. Many hold master's or doctoral degrees.
How adjuncts differ from full-time faculty
- Contracts: adjuncts are paid per course and renewed term by term, without tenure or long-term job security.
- Pay and benefits: pay per course is typically much lower than for full-time faculty, and benefits may be limited or absent.
- Workload: adjuncts mainly teach and usually have fewer duties for research or committee service.
- Availability: because they may teach at several institutions, they may have less time on campus for meetings and advising.
These conditions are widely debated. Research suggests that heavy reliance on adjuncts can affect student support, and many colleges and unions are working to improve pay and security.
What students should know
Adjuncts are often excellent teachers, with practical knowledge from the field. They can offer connections, career advice and real-world examples. To make the most of their expertise:
- Ask about their experience and how the course relates to the field.
- Email questions clearly, and allow time for a reply, as they may check email less often during the day.
- Use office hours or appointments if available.
- Ask early for recommendation letters, with your resume and details of your work.
- Use department advisors for questions about your degree, since adjuncts may not handle academic planning.
Equity and respect
Treat adjuncts as you would any instructor. Their status as part-time does not reflect their ability or commitment.
Related terms
See faculty, tenure, teaching assistant and office hours.
Frequently asked questions
Are adjunct professors less qualified?
Not necessarily. Many adjuncts hold advanced degrees and bring professional experience. Their working conditions differ, such as lower pay and less job security, and not their expertise.
Can adjuncts write recommendation letters?
Yes, and many are willing. Because they may be less available on campus, ask early and provide details of your work in the course.
Do adjuncts hold office hours?
Policies vary. Some hold office hours or meet by appointment, and others have limited time on campus. Check the syllabus and ask by email.