What Is a Baccalaureate?
Baccalaureate is a word with more than one meaning, so context matters. In most countries it refers to an exam-based qualification awarded at the end of secondary education, which gives access to university. In some English-language contexts, a baccalaureate is a bachelor's degree.
Secondary school baccalaureate
The word comes from medieval Latin, and today the best-known example is the French baccalauréat, usually shortened to le bac. It is taken at about age 18 at the end of lycée, in general, technological or professional streams, and results in a diploma that allows students to enter higher education. Similar qualifications exist in Italy (maturità), Spain (bachillerato), Romania, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal and many others. In German-speaking countries, the Abitur or Matura serves a similar purpose.
These exams typically combine written and oral assessments and school grades in a range of subjects, and may be specialized by track.
International Baccalaureate
The International Baccalaureate, or IB, is a separate program offered in schools worldwide, including a two-year Diploma Program for ages 16 to 19 with six subjects and core requirements. It is recognized by universities in many countries. See our entry on the IB Diploma.
Welsh Baccalaureate
In Wales, the Welsh Baccalaureate is a qualification that combines skills development and projects alongside other qualifications such as A Levels or vocational awards.
Baccalaureate as a degree
In some contexts, especially in older usage, a baccalaureate degree is a bachelor's degree. "Baccalaureate" may also appear in phrases such as baccalaureate address, a ceremony before graduation, and in names such as baccalaureate nursing programs in the US, meaning bachelor's-level nursing programs.
Why it matters when applying
If you are applying to a university abroad, check how it treats your national baccalaureate or school leaving certificate. Universities publish lists of accepted qualifications and minimum grades, and some require credential evaluation or translation.
Related terms
See IB Diploma, A Levels, matriculation exam, credential evaluation and predicted grades.
Frequently asked questions
Is a baccalaureate a degree?
In France and many other countries, it is a secondary school diploma that gives access to university. In some English usage, baccalaureate means a bachelor's degree.
What is the French baccalauréat?
The national exam and diploma taken at the end of lycée, in general, technological or professional tracks, giving access to higher education.
Is the International Baccalaureate the same?
It is a separate international program run by the IB organization, though it has a similar purpose of preparing students for university.