What Is a Postdoc?
A postdoc, short for postdoctoral researcher or fellow, is someone who has completed a doctorate and holds a temporary research position to gain further training and experience. Postdocs are most common in the sciences, engineering and medicine, and exist in many other fields. The position is usually a stepping stone toward a faculty job, an industry research role or another professional career.
What postdocs do
Postdocs conduct research in a lab or research group, often led by a principal investigator. They design experiments or studies, analyze data, write papers and grant proposals, and help train PhD students and undergraduates. They may present at conferences and begin to build their own research independence and network.
How long and how funded
Postdoc appointments are generally one to three years, and sometimes renewed. Many researchers hold two or more consecutive postdocs, possibly at different institutions or countries. Funding comes from research grants held by the supervisor, fellowships awarded to the postdoc or institutional programs. Salaries and benefits vary considerably.
Why people do postdocs
- Developing expertise in a new area or method.
- Building a publication record to compete for faculty positions.
- Becoming independent and learning to write grants.
- Changing fields or institutions.
- Preparing for industry research roles.
Postdocs are also an area of concern, because of limited job security, low pay in some places and uncertain career prospects. Universities and funders have introduced reforms, such as better training, mentoring and career support.
What students should know
If you are considering a PhD, ask about typical outcomes and whether a postdoc is expected in your field. Postdocs in your lab can be valuable mentors, and they often supervise day-to-day work.
Postdoc versus other roles
A research assistant usually works under direction on a defined project. A postdoc holds a doctorate and has more independence. A fellow may hold a prestigious fellowship that funds their own project.
Related terms
See research assistant, fellowship, dissertation defense, ABD and stipend.
Frequently asked questions
How long does a postdoc last?
Typically one to three years per position, and many researchers do two or more, depending on the field and funding.
Is a postdoc required for an academic career?
In many sciences it is expected before applying for faculty positions. In some other fields, it is less common. Requirements vary by discipline.
How are postdocs paid?
Through grants, fellowships or institutional funding. Pay varies by country, field and funder, so check the terms of each position.